Social Studies Vocabulary Definitions
=============================
Chapter 23 Vocabulary Words and Definitions
1) communism – an economic and political system in which the government owns all businesses and controls the economy.
2) fascism – (FASH-iz-uhm) a political system based on nationalism and strong government; Adolph Hitler in Germany and Benito Mussolini in Italy were the first fascist leaders.
3) Allies – Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States joined together in World War II against Germany, Italy, and Japan.
4) genocide – the deliberate destruction of a people.
5) ideologies – (i-dee-AH-luh-jeez) systems or beliefs.
6) terrorism – criminal activity involving the use of violence.
Chapter 22 French Revolution Vocabulary Words and Definitions
SECTION 1
1) conservatism
- a movement that arose to preserve the old social order and governments in an
effort to return Europe to the way it was before the French Revolution
2) liberalism - a movement for individual rights and liberties
SECTION 2
3) factory system -
is a system in which machines rapidly manufacture large quantities of items
4) laissez-faire (leh-say-FAYR) – a “let things be” attitude on the part of government toward industry
5) socialism -a political and economic system in which the government owns the means of production
SECTION 3
6) nationalism
- a devotion and loyalty to one’s country; develops among people with a common language, religion, or history
7) nation-states - self-governing countries made up of people with a common cultural background
imperialism -
the control of a region or country by another country.
————————-
TCAP Vocabulary Words
1. primary sources – records made by people who took part in or saw an event. journals,
letters, poems, pictures. It gives us a direct link to the past
2. secondary source – not a direct link. A magazine article, newspaper article written by
someone who was not there but heard about it. We are a secondary source of the World
Trade Center disaster. We can talk and discuss, but we weren’t there.
3. historical empathy – understanding how people felt at a certain time in history. Bring in
women’s rights. Women stay home. During earlier times this wasn’t questioned. It was
expected
4. perspective – point of view (tell girls they don’t have to take the next test. Girls like it,
Boys don’t.
5. chronology – time order
6. cause – an action that makes something happen.
7. effect – What happens
8. absolute location – global address or exact location. Need to latitude and longitude
9. relative location – a location described in relation to another location. I am south of
Suzie, Now I’m north of Suzie
10, physical features – landforms, climate, plant and animal life.
11. human features – changes in the earth by humans such as buildings, bridges,
farms, or roads.
12. regions – areas with features that make them different. You see this on the weather.
snow in the NE region, drought in the SW region. Let them guess live in the mid-south
region (a fair is named for our region)
13. map title – tells the subject of the map. The first thing you look at when you look at a
map, chart or graft.
14. map key – or map legend explains the symbols on the map
15. compass rose – direction marker
16. cardinal directions North, South, East & West, (No, Eat, Shredded, Wheat)
17. Intermediate directions – Northeast, Northwest, Southeast and Southwest. East North is
wrong.
18. inset map – small map within a larger map.
19. culture – define culture. What is it? It is our language, music, religions, holidays,
traditions, customs, dance, and dress.
20. government and civics – Study of citizenship and the way people govern themselves.
(This covers our extensive government as well as leaders that emerge in early
cavemen days)
21. economy – the way people use their resources to meet their needs. This covers money,
stocks, jobs as well as the early people using all parts of the animal killed.
22. geography – the study of the Earth’s surface and how we use it.
—————————————————-
Chapter 12 Vocabulary Definitions
Section 1
1. oasis – a wet, fertile area within a desert
2. caravan – a group of traders that travel together
3. Muhammad: (c. 570–632) Founder of Islam, he spread Islam’s teachings to the people of Arabia. His teachings make up the Qu’ran.
4. Islam – a religion based on the messages Muhammad is believed to have received from God
5. Muslim – a follower of Islam
6. Qur’an – (kuh-RAN) the holy book of Islam
7. pilgrimage – a journey to a sacred place
8. mosque – (MAHSK) a building for Muslim prayer
Section 2
1. jihad – (ji-HAHD) to make an effort or to struggle; has also been interpreted to mean holy war
2. Sunnah – (SOOH-nuh) a collection of writings about the way Muhammad lived that provides a model for Muslims to follow
3. Five Pillars of Islam – five acts of worship required of all Muslims
Section 3
1. Abu Bakr: (uh-boo BAK-uhr) (c. 573–634) The first caliph, he ruled the Muslim world after Muhammad’s death.
2. caliph – (KAY-luhf) a title that Muslims use for the highest leader of Islam
3. tolerance – acceptance
4. Janissary – an Ottoman slave soldier
5. Mehmed II: (1432–1481) Ottoman sultan, he defeated the Byzantine Empire in 1453.
6. Suleyman I: (soo-lay-MAHN) (c. 1494–1566) Ottoman ruler, he governed the empire at its height.
7. Shia – (SHEE-ah) a member of the second-largest branch of Islam
8. Sunni – a member of the largest branch of Islam
Section 4
1. Ibn Battutah: (1304–c. 1368) Muslim traveler and writer, he visited Africa, India, China, and Spain.
2. Sufism (SOO-fi-zuhm) a movement in Islam that taught people they can find God’s love by having a personal relationship with God
3. Omar Khayym: (oh-mahr-ky-AHM) (c. 1048–c. 1131) Sufi poet, mathematician, and astronomer, he wrote The Rubiyt.
4. patron – a sponsor
5. minaret – a narrow tower from which Muslims are called to prayer
6. calligraphy -decorative writing
—————————————–
Chapter 11 Vocabulary Words and Definition
Section 1
1. Cicero: (SIS-uh-roh) (106–43 BC) Roman orator and philosopher, he tried to limit the power of Rome’s generals and give control of the government back to the Senate.
2. Julius Caesar: (JOOL-yuhs SEE-zuhr) (100–44 BC) Roman general, he was one of the greatest military leaders in history. Caesar conquered most of Gaul and was named dictator for life, but was later murdered by a group of senators.
3. Pompey:
4. Augustus: (aw-GUHS-tuhs) (63 BC–AD 14) First Roman emperor, he was originally named Octavian. He was the great-nephew of Julius Caesar and gained control of Rome after defeating Marc Antony in battle. As emperor, Augustus built many monuments and a new forum.
5. currency – money
6. Pax Romana – Roman Peace; a period of general peace and prosperity in the Roman Empire that lasted from 27 BC to AD 180
7. aqueduct – (A-kwuh-duhkt) a human-made raised channel that carries water from distant places
8. Romance languages – languages that developed from Latin, such as Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian
9. civil law – a legal system based on a written code of laws
Section 2
1. Christianity – a religion based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth that developed in Judea at the beginning of the first century AD
2. Jesus of Nazareth: (c. AD 1–30) Founder of Christianity, he taught about kindness and love for God. His teachings spread throughout the Roman Empire and the world.
3. crucifixion – (kroo-suh-FIK-shuhn) a type of execution in which a person was nailed to a cross
4. Resurrection – in Christianity, Jesus’ rise from the dead
5. Paul: (c. AD 10–67) One of the most important figures in the spread of Christianity, he worked to spread Jesus’ teachings and wrote letters that explained key ideas of Christianity.
6. Constantine: (KAHN-stuhn-teen) (c. 280–337) Roman emperor, he was the first Roman emperor to become a Christian. Constantine moved the empire’s capital from Rome to Constantinople and removed bans on Christianity.
Section 3
1. Diocletian: (dy-uh-KLEE-shuhn) (c. 245–c. 316) Roman emperor, he divided the Roman Empire into eastern and western halves.
2. Attila: (AT-uhl-uh) (c. 406–453) Leader of the Huns, he led invasions of Constantinople, Greece, Gaul, and northern Italy and was greatly feared by the Romans.
3. corruption – the decay of people’s values
4. Justinian: (juh-STIN-ee-uhn) (c. 483–565) Byzantine emperor, he reunited the Roman Empire, simplified Roman laws with Justinian’s Code, and ordered Hagia Sophia built.
5. Theodora: (thee-uh-DOHR-uh) (c. 500–548) Wife of the Byzantine emperor Justinian, she was a smart and powerful woman who helped him rule effectively.
6. Byzantine Empire – the society that developed in the eastern Roman Empire after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
Chapter 10 Vocabulary Definitions
Section 1
1. Aeneas: (i-NEE-uhs) (c. 2500s BC) Legendary Roman hero, the Romans traced their history back to Aeneas. Aeneas was a Trojan hero who left Troy after the Trojan War, eventually settling in Italy.
2. Romulus and Remus: (c. 753 BC) Legendary figures in Roman history, they built a city that eventually became Rome.
3. republic -a political system in which people elect leaders to govern them
4. dictator – a ruler who has almost absolute power
5. Cincinnatus: (sin-suh-NAT-uhs) (born c. 519) Roman dictator, he was chosen by the Romans to defend their lands from attack. Later, he willingly gave up power and was considered an ideal leader by the Romans.
6. plebeians – (pli-BEE-uhnz) the common people of ancient Rome
7. patricians – (puh-TRI-shunz) the nobility in Roman society
Section 2
1. magistrate – (MA-juh-strayt) an elected official in Rome
2. consuls -KAHN-suhlz) the two most powerful officials in Rome
3. Roman Senate- a council of wealthy & powerful citizens who advised Rome’s leaders
4. veto – (VEE-toh) to reject or prohibit actions and laws of other government officials
5. Latin – the language of the Romans
6. checks & balances-a system that balances the distribution of power in government
Section 3
1. legion – (LEE-juhn) a group of up to 6,000 Roman soldiers
2. Punic Wars – a series of wars between Rome and Carthage in the 200s and 100s BC
3. Hannibal: (247–183 BC) Carthaginian general, he was one of the greatest generals of the ancient world. Hannibal invaded Italy during the Second Punic War but was eventually defeated by Scipio at the Battle of Zama.
4. Gaius Marius: (GY-uhs MER-ee-uhs) (157–86 BC) Roman consul, he was a popular general who encouraged the unemployed poor to join the Roman army.
5. Lucius Cornelius Sulla: (LOO-shuhs kawr-NEEL-yuhs SUHL-uh) (138–78 BC) Roman consul, he battled Gaius Marius in a civil war.
6. Spartacus: (SPAHR-tuh-kuhs) (c. 73 BC) Former Roman gladiator, he led a slave revolt against Rome.
Chapter 9 Vocabulary Words and Definitions
Section 1
1. Cyrus the Great: (SY-ruhs) (c. 585–529 BC) Persian emperor, he created the Persian Empire by conquering most of Southwest Asia.
2. cavalry – a unit of soldiers who ride horses
3. Darius I: (da-RY-uhs) (550–486 BC) Persian emperor, he restored order to the Persian Empire after a period of rebellion. Darius I built roads and made other improvements to Persian society.
4. Persian Wars – a series of wars between Persia and Greece in the 400s BC
5. Xerxes I: (ZUHRK-seez) (519–465 BC) Persian ruler, he tried to conquer Greece during the Persian Wars but was defeated.
Section 2
1. alliance – an agreement to work together
2. Peloponnesian War – a war between Athens and Sparta in the 400s BC
Section 3
1. Philip II: (ruled 359–336 BC) Macedonian king, he was a brilliant military leader who defeated the Greeks. Alexander the Great was his son.
2. phalanx – (FAY-langks) a group of Greek warriors who stood close together in a square formation
3. Alexander the Great: (c. 356–323 BC) Macedonian ruler, he was one of the greatest military commanders in history. The son of Philip II, Alexander conquered large areas of Asia and parts of Europe and Africa and spread Greek culture throughout his empire.
4. Hellenistic – Greek-like; heavily influenced by Greek ideas
Section 4
1. Socrates: (SAHK-ruh-teez) (470–399 BC) Greek philosopher, his teaching style was based on asking questions. He wanted people to question their own beliefs. Socrates was arrested and condemned to death for challenging authority.
2. Plato: (PLAYT-oh) (428–389 BC) Greek philosopher, he was a student of Socrates. Plato started a school in Athens called the Academy and wrote The Republic, which describes an ideal society run by philosophers
3. Aristotle: (ar-uh-STAH-tuhl) (384–322 BC) Greek philosopher, he was a student of Plato. Aristotle taught that people should live lives of moderation and use reason in their lives.
4. reason – clear and ordered thinking
5. Euclid: (YOO-kluhd) (c. 300 BC) Greek mathematician, he was one of the greatest mathematicians in history. Euclid is famous for his contributions to the field of geometry.
6. Hippocrates: (hip-AHK-ruh-teez) (c. 460–c. 377 BC) Greek doctor, he is regarded as the father of medicine. Hippocrates tried to find out what caused diseases and is known today for his ideas on how doctors should conduct themselves.
CH 8 VOCABULARY DEFINITIONS LISTED BELOW CH 9
Chapter 9 Vocabulary Words and Definitions
Section 1
1. Cyrus the Great: (SY-ruhs) (c. 585–529 BC) Persian emperor, he created the Persian Empire by conquering most of Southwest Asia.
2. cavalry – a unit of soldiers who ride horses
3. Darius I: (da-RY-uhs) (550–486 BC) Persian emperor, he restored order to the Persian Empire after a period of rebellion. Darius I built roads and made other improvements to Persian society.
4. Persian Wars – a series of wars between Persia and Greece in the 400s BC
5. Xerxes I: (ZUHRK-seez) (519–465 BC) Persian ruler, he tried to conquer Greece during the Persian Wars but was defeated.
Section 2
1. alliance – an agreement to work together
2. Peloponnesian War – a war between Athens and Sparta in the 400s BC
Section 3
1. Philip II: (ruled 359–336 BC) Macedonian king, he was a brilliant military leader who defeated the Greeks. Alexander the Great was his son.
2. phalanx – (FAY-langks) a group of Greek warriors who stood close together in a square formation
3. Alexander the Great: (c. 356–323 BC) Macedonian ruler, he was one of the greatest military commanders in history. The son of Philip II, Alexander conquered large areas of Asia and parts of Europe and Africa and spread Greek culture throughout his empire.
4. Hellenistic – Greek-like; heavily influenced by Greek ideas
Section 4
1. Socrates: (SAHK-ruh-teez) (470–399 BC) Greek philosopher, his teaching style was based on asking questions. He wanted people to question their own beliefs. Socrates was arrested and condemned to death for challenging authority.
2. Plato: (PLAYT-oh) (428–389 BC) Greek philosopher, he was a student of Socrates. Plato started a school in Athens called the Academy and wrote The Republic, which describes an ideal society run by philosophers
3. Aristotle: (ar-uh-STAH-tuhl) (384–322 BC) Greek philosopher, he was a student of Plato. Aristotle taught that people should live lives of moderation and use reason in their lives.
4. reason – clear and ordered thinking
5. Euclid: (YOO-kluhd) (c. 300 BC) Greek mathematician, he was one of the greatest mathematicians in history. Euclid is famous for his contributions to the field of geometry.
6. Hippocrates: (hip-AHK-ruh-teez) (c. 460–c. 377 BC) Greek doctor, he is regarded as the father of medicine. Hippocrates tried to find out what caused diseases and is known today for his ideas on how doctors should conduct themselves.
______________________________________________________________________
Chapter 8 Vocabulary Words and Definitions
Section 1
1. polis – (PAH-luhs) the Greek word for a city-state
2. classical – an age marked by great achievements
3. acropolis – (uh-KRAH-puh-luhs) a high hill upon which a Greek fortress was built
Section 2
1. democracy – a type of government in which people rule themselves
2. aristocrat – (uh-RIS-tuh-krat) a rich landowner or noble
3. oligarchy – (AH-luh-gar-kee) a government in which only a few people have power
4. citizen – a person who has the right to participate in government
5. tyrant – an ancient Greek leader who held power through the use of force
6. Pericles: (PER-uh-kleez) (495–429 BC) Athenian leader, he encouraged the spread of democracy and led Athens when the city was at its height.
Section 3
1. mythology – stories about gods and heroes that try to explain how the world
works
2. Homer: (800s–700s BC) Greek poet, he wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey, two famous Greek epic poems. They describe the deeds of heroes during and after the Trojan War.
3. Sappho: (SAF-oh) (c. 610–580 BC) Greek poet, she was one of the most famous lyric poets of Greece.
4. Aesop: (EE-sahp) (before 400 BC) Ancient Greek storyteller, he was famous for his fables—short stories that teach important lessons about life.
5. fable – a short story that teaches a lesson about life or gives advice on how to live.
Chapter 7 Vocabulary Words and Definitions
Ch 7, Section 1
Judaism – (JOO-dee-i-zuhm) the religion of the Hebrews; it is the world’s oldest monotheistic religion
Abraham – Biblical figure, according to the Bible, God led Abraham to Canaan, and Abraham’s descendants became the Jewish people.
Moses – (c. 1200s BC) Biblical figure, according to the Bible, he led the Hebrew people out of Egypt and back to Canaan in the Exodus. During this journey, Moses received the Ten Commandments from God.
Exodus – the journey of the Hebrews, led by Moses, from Egypt to Canaan after they were freed from slavery
Ten Commandments – in the Bible, a code of moral laws given to Moses by God
David: (c. 1000 BC) King of Israel, he defeated the Philistines and moved the capital to Jerusalem after capturing that city.
Solomon: (SAHL-uh-muhn) (ruled c. 965–930 BC) King of Israel, he formed alliances with nearby kingdoms and built a temple to God in Jerusalem.
Diaspora – (dy-AS-pruh) the scattering of the Jews outside of Canaan after the Babylonian Captivity
,
Ch 7, Section 2
Monotheism – the belief in only one god
Torah – the most sacred text of Judaism
Synagogue (SI-nuh-gawg) a Jewish house of worship
prophets -
Talmud (TAHL-moohd) a set of commentaries, stories, and folklore that explains
Dead Sea Scrolls – writings about Jewish beliefs created about 2,000 years ago
Ch 7, Section 3
Zealots – (ZE-luhts) radical Jews who supported rebellion against the Romans
Rabbi – (RAB-eye) a Jewish religious teach
Passover – a holiday in which Jews remember the Exodus
High Holy Days – the two most sacred of all Jewish holidays—Rosh Hashanah and Yom
Chapter 6 Vocabulary Words and Definitions (Ch 5 below Ch 6)
Ch 6, Section 1
1. jade – a hard gemstone often used in jewelry
2. oracle – a prediction by a wise person, or a person who makes a prediction
Ch 6, Section 2
1. lord – a person of high rank who owned land but owed loyalty to his king
2. peasant – a farmer with a small farm
3. Confucius: (551–479 BC) Chinese philosopher, he was the most influential teacher in Chinese history. His teachings, called Confucianism, focused on morality, family, society, and government.
4. ethics – moral values
5. Confucianism – a philosophy based on the ideas of Confucius that focuses on morality, family order, social harmony, and government
6. Daoism – (DOW-ih-zum) a philosophy that developed in China and stressed the belief that one should live in harmony with the Dao, the guiding force of all reality
7. Laozi: (LOWD-zuh) (c. 500s or 400s BC) Chinese philospoher, he was the most famous Daoist teacher. Laozi is credited with writing The Way and Its Power, Daoism’s basic text.
8. Legalism – the Chinese belief that people were bad by nature and needed to be controlled
Ch 6, Section 3
1. Shi Huangdi: (SHEE hwahng-dee) (259–210 BC) Ruler of China, he united China for the first time. He built roads and canals and began the Great Wall of China. Shi Huangdi also imposed a standard system of laws, money, weights, and writing system in China.
2. Great Wall – a barrier made of walls across China’s northern frontier
Ch 6, Section 4
1. sundial – a device that uses the position of shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day
2. seismograph – a device that measures the strength of an earthquake
3. acupuncture – (AK-yoo-punk-cher) – the Chinese practice of inserting fine needles through the skin at specific points to cure disease or relieve pain
Ch 6, Section 5
1. silk – a soft, light, and highly valued fabric developed in China
2. Silk Road – a network of trade routes that stretched across Asia from China to the Mediterranean Sea
3. diffusion – the spread of ideas from one culture to another
_______________________________________________________________________
Chapter 5 Vocabulary Words and Definitions
Ch 5, Section 1
1. subcontinent – a large landmass that is smaller than a continent, such as India. It is usually separated from the rest of the continent.
2. monsoon – a seasonal wind pattern that causes wet and dry seasons
3. Sanskrit – the most important language of ancient India
Ch 5, Section 2
1. caste system – the division of Indian society into groups based on rank, wealth, or occupation
2. Hinduism – the main religion of India; it teaches that everything is part of a universal spirit called Brahman
3. reincarnation – a Hindu and Buddhist belief that souls are born and reborn many times, each time into a new body
4. karma – in Buddhism and Hinduism, the effects that good or bad actions have on a person’s soul
5. Jainism – an Indian religion based on the teachings of Mahavira that teaches all life is sacred
6. nonviolence – the avoidance of violent actions
Ch 5, Section 3
1. fasting – going without food for a period of time
2. meditation – deep, continued thought that focuses the mind on spiritual ideas
3. The Buddha: (BOO-duh) (c. 563–483 BC) Founder of Buddhism, he was originally an Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama. He founded the Buddhist religion after a long spiritual journey through India.
4. Buddhism – a religion based on the teachings of the Buddha that developed in India in the 500s BC
5. nirvana – in Buddhism, a state of perfect peace
6. missionary – someone who works to spread religious beliefs
Ch 5, Section 4
1. Candragupta Maurya: (kuhn-druh-GOOP-tuhmour-yuh) (late 300s BC) Mauryan ruler, he founded the Mauryan Empire in northern India.
2. Asoka: (uh-SOH-kuh) (ruled 270–232 BC) Ruler of the Mauryan Empire, he extended his control over most of India and promoted the spread of Buddhism.
3. Candra Gupta II: (kuhn-druh-GOOP-tuh) (300s–400s) Gupta emperor, he ruled India during the height of Gupta power.
Ch 5, Section 5
1. alloy – a mixture of two or more metals
2. Hindu-Arabic numerals – the number system we use today; it was created by Indian scholars during the Gupta dynasty
3. inoculation (i-nah-kyuh-LAY-shuhn) – injecting a person with a small dose of a virus to help build up defenses to a disease
4. astronomy – the study of stars and planets
CHAPTER 4 VOCABULARY WORDS AND DEFINITIONS
Chapter 4, Section 1
1) cataracts – rapids along a river, such as those along the Nile in Egypt
2) delta – a triangle-shaped area of land made from soil deposited by a river
3) pharaoh – (FEHR-oh) the title used by the rulers of Egypt
4) Dynasty – a series of rulers from the same family
Chapter 4, Section 2
5) Old Kingdom – he period from about 2700 to 2200 BC in Egyptian history that began shortly after Egypt was unified
6) nobles – a rich and powerful person
7) afterlife – life after death, much of Egyptian religion focused on the
mummies – a specially treated body wrapped in cloth for preservation
9) elite – (AY-leet) people of wealth and power
10) pyramids – a huge triangular tomb built by the Egyptians and other peoples
11) engineering – the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes
Chapter 4, Section 3
12) Middle Kingdom – the period of Egyptian history from about 2050 to 1750 BC and marked by order and stability
13) New Kingdom – the period from about 1550 to 1050 BC in Egyptian history when Egypt reached the height of its power and glory
14)trade routes – a path followed by traders
Chapter 4, Section 4
15) hieroglyphics – (hy-ruh-GLIH-fiks) the ancient Egyptian writing system that used picture symbols
16) papyrus – (puh-PY-ruhs) a long-lasting, paper like material made from reeds that the ancient Egyptians used to write on
17) Rosetta Stone – a huge stone slab inscribed with hieroglyphics, Greek, and a later form of Egyptian that allowed historians to understand Egyptian writing
18) sphinxes – (sfinks) an imaginary creature with a human head and the body of a lion that was often shown on Egyptian statues
19) obelisk – (AH-buh-lisk) a tall, pointed, four-sided pillar in ancient Egypt
Chapter 4, Section 5
20) trade network – a system of people in different lands who trade goods back and forth
21) merchants – a person that trades.
22) exports – items sent out ‘exit’ to other regions for trade
23) imports – goods brought ‘in’ from other regions
Famous People
Menes: (MEE-neez)
Queen Hatshepsut
Ramses the Great – (RAM-seez)
Piankhi – (PYANG-kee)
King Tutankhamen – (too-tang-KAHM-uhn)
Queen Shanakhdakheto – (shah-nahk-dah-KEE-toh)
King Ezana – (AY-zah-nah)
—————————————
Chapter 3 Social Studies Vocabulary Words and Definitions
Chapter 3, Section 1
1) Fertile Crescent – an area of rich farmland in Southwest Asia where the first civilizations began
2) silt – a mixture of fertile soil and tiny rocks that can make land ideal for farming
3) irrigation – a way of supplying water to an area of land.
4) canals – a human-made waterway
5) surplus – more of something than is needed
6) division of labor – an arrangement in which each worker specializes in a particular task or job
Chapter 3, Section 2
1) rural – a countryside area
2) urban – a city area
3) city-state – a political unit consisting of a city and its surrounding countryside
4) Gilgamesh – (c. 3000 BC) King of Uruk, a citystate in Sumer, he became a legendary figure in Sumerian literature.
5) Sargon – (c. 2300 BC) King of Akkad, a land north of Sumer, he built the world’s first empire after defeating Sumer and northern Mesopotamia.
6) empire – land with different territories and peoples under a single rule
7) polytheism – the worship of many gods
priests – a person who performs religious ceremonies
9) social hierarchy – the division of society by rank or class
Chapter 3, Section 3
1) cuneiform – (kyoo-NEE-uh-fohrm) the world’s first system of writing; developed in Sumer
2) pictographs – a picture symbol
3) scribe – a writer
4) epics – long poems that tell the stories of heroes
5) architecture – the science of building
6) ziggurat – a pyramid-shaped temple in Sumer
Chapter 3, Section 4 (these are not on the list for Ch 3 nor will they be on the vocabulary test on Ch. 3)
1) monarch
2) Hammurabi’s Code
3) Chariot
4) Nebuchadnezzar
5) alphabet
Chapter 2, Section 1, pages 24- 35
1) prehistory – the time before there was writing
2) hominid – an early ancestor of humans
3) ancestor – a relative who lived in the past
4) tool – an object that has been modified to help a person accomplish a task
5)Paleolithic Era – (pay-lee-uh-LI-thik) the first part of the Stone Age; when people first used stone tools
6) society – a community of people who share a common cultur
7) hunter-gatherers – people who hunt animals and gather wild plants, seeds, fruits, and nuts to survive
Chapter 2, Section 2, pages 36 – 39
1)Migrate – move to a new place
2)ice ages – long periods of freezing weather
3)land bridge – a strip of land connecting two continents
4)Mesolithic Erato – the middle part of the Stone Age; marked by the creation of smaller and more complex tools
Chapter 2, Section 3, pages 40 -43
1) Neolithic Era – the New Stone Age; when people learned to make fire and tools such as saws and drills
2) domestication – BUILDING BACKGROUND The discovery that plants grew from seeds was one of the major advances of the late Stone Age. Other similar advances led to great changes in the way people lived.
3) agriculture – farming
4) megaliths – a huge stone monument
Chapter 1, Section 1 Vocabulary Words and Definitions
1. values – the knowledge, beliefs, customs, and values of a group of people.
2. history – the study of the past.
3. secondary source – history textbook, journal article, or encyclopedia.
4. primary source – account of an event created by someone who took part in or witnessed the event.
5. culture – ideas that people hold dear and try to live by.
6. artifacts - objects created by and used by humans, such as coins, arrowheads, tools, toys, and pottery
7. archaeology – the study of the past based on the things left behind.
8. fossil – part or imprint of something that was once alive.
Chapter 1, Section 2 Vocabulary Words and Definitions
1. climate – the average weather conditions in a certain area over a long period of time.
2. environment – all the living and nonliving things that affect life in an area.
3. geography – the study of Earth’s physical and cultural features.
4. landforms – he natural features of the land’s surface.
5. region – an area with one or more features that make it different from surrounding areas.
6. resource – he materials found on Earth that people need and value.
Maps Skills Quiz Study Guide (Maps Skills Quiz on Friday, August 22nd)
1. history - Things that happen in the past
2. primary source – records made by people who saw or took part in an event.
3. secondary source – is not a direct link. It could be written by someone who was not there at the time.
4. chronology - putting things in the order in which they happened or time order.
5. geography – the study of the Earth’s surface and the way people use it.
6. absolute location – an exact location
7. relative location – is direction from you
8. cardinal directions – NSEW (north, south, east, west)
9. intermediate directions – NE, SE, NW, SW (north east, south east, north west, south west)
10. scale – Compares distance on a map
11. economics – The study of how people of a country use their resources to meet their needs
12. The equator is an imaginary line passing round the globe, at an equal distance from the North and South poles.
13. The prime meridian is at zero degrees and passes through Greenwich, England.
14. Latitude - distance measured north or south from the equator.
15. Longitude – distance measured east or west from the prime meridian.
16. Hemisphere – The northern or southern half of the earth as divided by the equator or the eastern or western half as divided by a meridian.
17. We live in the northern hemisphere, the half of the earth between the North Pole and the equator, and the western hemisphere the hemisphere that includes North America.
18. When the Prime Meridian crosses the North and South Pole it becomes the International Date Line
Social Studies Vocabulary Words | Comments Off
